Promoting the Well-Being of Immigrant Youth

ing from these difficulties, given satisfactory measures of key outcomes and individual and background characteristics, teasing out the role of institutions and policies in producing observed differences across countries is far from straightforward. Even focusing on one country, it is difficult to disentangle the impact of a specific institutional structure or policy innovation from broader economic and social trends, and to be sure that changes in the composition of the immigrant population are not what is driving observed changes in outcomes. (Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are becoming 2 For first-generation immigrants, education or social class position relative to others in their country of origin, as well as destination, may be relevant. For the second generation, their parents may not have achieved a social class position that reflects their education or aspirations for their children, so social class of origin may not mean the same as it would for others.